# 2.3. Operations#

Given that we have four main data types – int, double, char, bool, we will discuss what can we do with the variables of these data types.

## 2.3.1. Basic arithmetic operations#

We can perform arithmetic operations on variables. These operations include addition +, subtraction -, multiplication *, division /, and modulus %.

Precedence rule. In math, the precedence rule was summarized in BEDMAS (Brackets (), Exponents $$a^2$$, Division /, Multiplication *, Addition +, Subtraction -). The precedence rule in C is:

1. ()

2. * / %

3. + -

4. left to right if operators have same precedence, referred to as left-associative

Example I

int x = 10 * 2 + 3;


The value stored in x is 23 because 10 * 2 is evaluated first, followed by 20 + 3.

Example II

int x = 10 * (2 + 3);


The value stored in x is 50 because (2 + 3) is evaluated first, followed by 10 * 5.

Example III

int x = 10 / 5 * 2;


The evaluation order is from left to right (left-associative), since / and * have the same precedence. The value stored in x is 4 because 10 / 5 is evaluated first, followed by 2 * 2.

## 2.3.2. The more accurate data type is contagious#

Example IV

int x = 10 * 5 / 3;


Evaluating from left to right, we have 50 / 3, which is mathematically 16.6666667. However, 50 is int, and 3 is int. Is it consistent that 50 / 3 evaluation yields a double? NO! In C, the result of an arithmetic operation is always the data type of the operand that is more accurate. In the case of 50 / 3, both data types are int. Hence, the resulting data type is int, with truncated decimal places, i.e. 16. The value stored in x is 16.

Example V

double x = 50 / 3.0;


If we have one (or both) of the operands as double, the result will be double. For example, 50 / 3.0 is now 16.6666667 as 3.0 is double. The value stored in x is 16.6666667.

Important

We learned before in Think!, if a floating point number is stored in int, the decimal part will be truncated. This means that in int x = 50 / 3.0;, even if 50 / 3.0 is evaluated to 16.6666667, x will have to truncate 16.6666667 to 16. This is because x is int. Hence, x stores 16.

More examples

1. int x = 1 / 5;

• 1 / 5 is mathematically $$0.2$$. Since 1 and 5 are ints, $$0.2$$ would be truncated to 0. This makes the result of 1 / 5 $$\rightarrow$$ 0. x stores 0.

2. double x = 10 / 4;

• 10 / 4 $$\rightarrow$$ 2. x stores 2.0000.

3. int x = 3 / -2

• 3 / -2 $$\rightarrow$$ -1. x stores -1.

4. double x = 4.2 / 2;

• 4.2 / 2 $$\rightarrow$$ 2.1. x stores 2.1000.

5. int x = 10.6 / 3;

• 10.6 / 3 $$\rightarrow$$ 3.5333.... x stores 3.

6. double x = 9 + 6.3;

• 9 + 6.3 $$\rightarrow$$ 15.3. x stores 15.30000.

## 2.3.3. What happens when we divide by 0?#

In math, the result of dividing a number by 0 is undefined. What would undefined mean if a program divides a number by 0? If we were to divide an int 3 by int 0, e.g. 3/0, the compiler will successfully compile your code. However, it will produce a “warning message”. This warning message would state warning: division by zero is undefined. If that 0 was stored in a variable, the compiler will not produce a warning message.

The trickiest part is that if you run the program, the result of the division is undefined. Some computers may yield a weird number resulting from this illegal division.

When 0 is stored in a variable, it is difficult to know if the undefined behavior in your code is because of division by 0. Hence, it is important to check if the denominator is 0 before you divide.

On the other hand, dividing by 0 in a float division, e.g. 3.0/0, this will yield inf. Download zeroDivision.c to try the following code.

Code

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
printf("Integer 0 division %d\n", 3 / 0);
printf("Floating point zero division %lf\n", 3.0 / 0);
return 0;
}


Output

Integer 0 division -1180252136
Floating point zero division inf


## 2.3.4. Modulo operator#

Remember whenever we divide two numbers, we have a quotient and a remainder. For example, $$10/3$$ has a quotient of $$3$$ with a remainder $$1$$. Hence, $$\frac{10}{3}$$ can be written as a mixed fraction: $$3 \frac{1}{3}$$.

The modulo operator % gives us the remainder of a division between two integers.

Examples

1. 10 % 3 $$\rightarrow$$ 1

2. 10 % 4 $$\rightarrow$$ 2

3. 50 % 10 $$\rightarrow$$ 0

4. 55 % 10 $$\rightarrow$$ 5

Some people find it mentally challenging to find the % quickly. For example, in 10 % 3, find the largest number divisible by 3 that is less than 10. In this case, it is 9. Hence, 10 - 9 = 1. 1 is the answer.

Remember!

The remainder can only be between 0 and denominator - 1.

Try it!

0 % 4 = ?

1 % 4 = ?

2 % 4 = ?

3 % 4 = ?

4 % 4 = ?

5 % 4 = ?

6 % 4 = ?

Important

What would 3 % 0 be?

It would have a similar behavior to 3 / 0. There will be a compile-time warning, and a run-time undefined behavior.

## 2.3.5. Assignment operators#

The assignment operator (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=) assigns an evaluation/value to a variable. For example, in int x = 7 + 3; the = assigns the value of 7 + 3 to x. The precedence of assignment operators is after the other BEDMAS operators.

Other assignment operators such as +=, -=, *=, /=, %= mean that the variable is assigned to the variable plus/minus/multiplied/divided/modulo the value on the right. For example, x += 3 is equivalent to x = x + 3 and x %= 10 is equivalent to x = x % 10.

Tricky! If we have x *= 3 + 2, it is equivalent to x = x * 5. This implies that the BEDMAS operators are evaluated before the assignment operators.

As discussed earlier in Basic arithmetic operations, BEDMAS operators if they have the same precedence, they are evaluated from left to right (left-associative). Assignment operators are the opposite, from right to left (right-associative). This means that x = y = z is equivalent to x = (y = z). Here, y = z is evaluated first, it returns the value of y, then the value of y is assigned to x. An example code is shown below.

Code

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int i = 1, j = 3, k = 10;
i = j = k;  // first the value of k is assigned to j,
// then the value of j is assigned to i
printf("i = %d, j = %d, k = %d\n", i, j, k);
return 0;
}


Output

i = 10, j = 10, k = 10


However, for readability and to be able to easily spot bugs, we suggest having fewer operations in one line.

## 2.3.6. Increment and decrement operators#

If we have i = i + 1;, this can be written as i += 1;, i++; and ++i;. Similarly, i -= 1;, i--; and --i; are equivalent to i = i - 1;. ++ and -- are increment and decrement operators. They increment/decrement the value of the variable by 1.

AVOID USING ++ AND -- IN A COMPLEX EXPRESSION!

++ AND -- can be before or after the variable. For example, ++i and i++ are post-increment and pre-increment respectively. ++i and i++ are equivalent to i = i + 1; if they are the only operators in the same statement. However, if there are other operators in the same statement, they are not equivalent.

For example, in the following example ++i is pre-fix, i.e. incrementing happens in the statement. Hence, j = ++i; is equivalent to j = i = i + 1;. Evaluation is from right to left because of the assignment operator. While, i++ is post-fix, i.e. incrementing to i happens after the statement. This means that j = i++; is equivalent to j = i; i = i + 1;. You can download the code prefix-postfix.c to try the following code.

Code

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int i = 1, j = 31;
j = ++i;  // Equivalent to j = i = i + 1;
printf("With prefix: i = %d, j = %d\n", i, j);

i = 1, j = 31;
j = i++; //Equivalent to j = i; i = i + 1;
printf("With postfix: i = %d, j = %d\n", i, j);
return 0;
}


Output

With prefix: i = 2, j = 2
With postfix: i = 2, j = 1


It is confusing when the increment/decrement operator is used with other operators. Consequently, it is best to avoid using ++ and -- in a complex expression – with other operators.

## 2.3.7. Type casting#

We mentioned earlier, the most accurate data type is contagious. In some cases, you may want to force a data type on an operand. For example, in double x = 3/ 2;, to have x store 1.5, you can change 3 to double by changing it to 3.0 as in double x = 3.0/ 2;. The other way is to type cast 3 like double x = (double) 3 / 2;. This is called type casting. This changes the data type of 3 to double.

Another example, in double x = 3/ 2.9;, you may want to force 2.9 to be int. You can do this by double x = 3/ (int) 2.9;. This will store 1.0 in x.

The type casting operator is ( and ). The data type is placed in between the brackets. For example, (int) 3.9 will evaluate as 3. (double) 3 will evaluate as 3.0.

## 2.3.8. Sizeof() operator#

sizeof(<data type>) is an operator that evaluates the number of bytes required to store a data type on the operating computer. For example, sizeof(int) will evaluate as 4, sizeof(double) will evaluate as 8, and sizeof(char) will evaluate as 1 on my personal computer.

Code

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){
printf("Number of bytes to store 5 int and 2 double is %d\n",
5 * sizeof(int) + 2 * sizeof(double)); // 5 * 4 + 2 * 8 = 36
return 0;
}


## 2.3.9. Summary of Precedence#

1. ()

2. (<type>) sizeof() ++ or -- (but we will avoid using ++ or -- with other operators)

3. * / %

4. + -

(2–4) if two operands with same precedence occur, they are evaluated from left to right (left-associative).

5. = += -= *= /= %=

(5) if two operands with same precedence occur, they are evaluated from right to left (right-associative).